A theological commission was asked to review his Commentary on the Sentences, during which Ockham found himself involved in a different debate. It is generally believed that these charges were levied by Oxford chancellor John Lutterell.
His work in this period became the subject of controversy, and many scholars have thought that Ockham was summoned before the Papal court of Avignon in 1324 under charges of heresy, though an alternative theory recently proposed by George Knysh suggests that he was initially appointed there as professor of philosophy in the Franciscan school, and that his disciplinary difficulties did not begin until 1327. Because of this, he acquired the byname Venerabilis Inceptor, or "Worthy Beginner" (although he was also known as the Doctor Invincibilis or unconquerable teacher). He is believed to have studied theology at the University of Oxford from 1309 to 1321, but never completed his master's degree (the usual undergraduate degree in those times). 1248–1298 AD) Philip the Chancellor (1160?-1236 AD) Plato (429?-347 BC) Plotinus (204-270 AD) Porphyry (234?–305? BC) Robert Grosseteste (1168–1253 AD) Robert Kilwardby (ca.William of Ockham joined the Franciscan order at a young age. Related posts in theory of Universals:, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, , Universals (genus, species) are concepts. But the only universals there are for Ockham are universal terms, and primarily terms in mental language or thought - which is to say, primarily concepts.”
“Ockham holds that it is indeed true, as Aristotle had said, that science deals with universals. Terms have definition: “Ockham has a theory of definition, developed in his Summa logicae and elsewhere, according to which terms are defined, not things.” Terms can be mental (concepts), spoken or written.
But it is ‘common’ or ‘universal’ in the sense that it stands for many things, or as Ockham says, ‘supposits’ for many things.” For him, there is none of this real predication stuff that we saw discussed (and rejected, at least for universals) by Abelard, and saw accepted by both Avicenna and Scotus.įor Ockham, what is predicated is simply a term, a piece of language.Ī term is individual just like anything else, metaphysically speaking. For Ockham, there is a sharp distinction between ontology and language. “Ockham thinks that, on the contrary, what is predicated is not any real universal at all, but simply a common term. In the sentence ‘Socrates is a man’ ‘ Socrates‘ is the subject and ‘is a man’ the predicate.
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